A Defect in Nurturing in Mice Lacking the Immediate Early Gene FosB Ess

Background to the ProjectIn early 1995, an M.D-Ph.D student, Jennifer brownness, was breeding mice with an inactivated form of the gene FosB. With the inactivation of the gene, healthy pups from the mutated mice died quickly. law-abiding this occurrance, Brown found that the mother mice ignored her offspring. From this discovery, Brown proposed that the inactivation of the immediate early gene FosB causes a defect in the nurturing behaviors of female mice. To prove this, Brown bred a series of knockout mice with the inactivated FosB gene. She then observed the nurturing behaviors of the knockout mice and compared them to those of the normal mice. The Test ResultsFosB Mutant Development and AbnormalitiesFosB fluctuation homozygous females were born and developed as any normal mouse, but were ten percent smaller than wild type mice. When the fosB homozygous females were mated with fosB homozygous mutant males, the resulting pregnancies were normal and carried to term. However, twent y-four to fourty-eight hours afterward delivery, the mortality rate of the pups was in excess of fifty percent. The high occurrance of lethality could be attributed to either the mutant mothers, the mutant pups, or both. To single out the cause of the high mutant pup mortality rate, heterozygous males were mated with homozygous females and vice versa. As a result, it was found that the number of surviving pups in any given motherliness relied primarily upon the genotype of the mother, and was independent of father or pup genotype. This supports the idea that the survival relies heavily on the nurturing ability of the fosB mothers.Physical Trait AnalysisTo isolate the defect in the mother that contributed to the death of her pups, a physical trait ana... ...aper think that this is involved with the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is located in the brain stem.The gene mutation did not effect any other functions of the mice. This indicates that FosB is exclusive to nurturing behavio r. The discovery of the functions of the FosB gene in mice could lead to similar discoveries for the human genome. Ethical ramifications of such discoveries are a acid topic in current scientific society. What questions might be raised by such a discovery? If this gene does exist in humans, should masses with mutated alleles not be allowed to raise their children? Should it be corrected in some way by science? Is having a mutated gene an excuse for child subvert? Is it a defense in court? The answers to these questions are not clearly defined, but there are several sources of information for the public to access forward making up their minds.

The Semiotics of the Encore :: Concert Music Audience Papers

The Semiotics of the Encore IntroductionIn this reflexive paper, I neediness to add a brief addendum to the literature about the semiotics of performance by examining the semiotic acts that surround the ritual of the encore in a live concert performance. I will bring to my analysis of this phenomena my twenty-some years of experience witnessing rock concerts in venues of all sizes and with a wide variety of audiences and performers. I will argue that there are specific elements to this ritual that are of particular interest to semioticians. I am going to attempt an admittedly sketchy semiotic analysis of the encore based on Daniel Chandlers guidelines for D.I.Y. Semiotic Analysis, as found at http//www.aber.ac.uk/dgc/sem12.html.The Umwelt of the Encore What are the important signifiers and what do they signify? - What is the corpse within which these signs make sense? - What connotations seem to be involved? (Chandler, based on Berger, 40-41)The Umwelt of the concert goer, or semi otic stage of this event, includes the literal stage, which is raised to a great or lesser degree above the seats on the main floor of the concert hall the levels of seating--the class structure, to put it in Marxist harm the ushers and/or security the tickets which are required to gain admittance as well as the background of prior experiences that the concertgoer brings with him or her, and an infinite number of different aspects.Of course, this Umwelt, like all Umwelten, is not identical or universal for all of the concertgoers. Each individual member of the audience builds up their own particular friendship structures of this kind of event these structures form their own particular Umwelt. The more experiences of concerts, the more complex the Umwelt constructed around them. For instance, the Grateful Dead often performed two sets without an opening act. to the highest degree concerts feature two acts with an interim between them. A friend of mine, unfamiliar with the way th e Deads music and the way they structured their concerts, went to her first Dead show and in the intermission between sets, said loudly, as it had been twenty minutes or so since the band had left the stage, Gee, when are the Dead coming on? This was greeted with howls of chaff from her surrounding neighbors, whose Dead-concert Umwelt was more developed. The most important aspect of the rock-concert Umwelt, I would argue, isnt directly observable the invisible ring or wall around the stage which separates the performers from the audience.

Production Report on Thriller Film Essay example -- Papers

Production Report on Thriller Film For my production unit, I chose Brief 1 Thriller Film. This is due to my interest in them and the confidence I redeem in producing my own, which I found from GCSE television advertising work and in my ability to deconstruct existing films. In lay to fulfil my brief successfully, I had to perform several areas of research, which will make the product look like products in real life and show that I know and can use the appropriate codes and conventions. I also watched a non-Hollywood film, the French film La Haine. Comparing the two different sorts of films, emphasised the codes and conventions that I inevitable to use for my classic Hollywood film. For example, the 180degree rule, continuity and the way sound is constructed to fit the distance of source from camera. To go into more detail about typical Hollywood style, I deconstructed umteen sequences in terms of shots and techniques in existing Hollywood thriller films, with a fifteen or eighteen certificate looking at the codes and conventions specifically used in them to create the effect desired e.g. the use of incidental music and silences filming the villain so his face is never fully shown using low-key illumine to create shadows low and high angled shots to create the feeling of power and control close-ups of eyes to show fear slow, long-held shots to create tension. A particular ducky film of mine was Silence of the Lambs- a film by Jonathan Demme, because the tension created was a lot subtler and there was very little violence or action in the film- the enjoyment came out of the highly detailed characters and the i... ... my film was an older, more sophisticated audience than most thriller films- probably the same audience as Silence of the Lambs, who will care for little action and detailed characters. I think my film does target this audience as it involves complex emotions and in the opening seque nce, a lot of riddle and things to work- it is not self-explanatory-an enigma and I think an older audience would enjoy this factor of the film. Overall I am cheery with the effect I have created in my sequence. I think it sets up the rest of the film well and this opening sequence would make an audience want to watch the rest of the film. I believe that my film follows enough conventions to be called a Classic Hollywood Realism film and although the quality is not brilliant due to lack of technology, I am pleased with the result.

Mickey Mantle Essay -- essays research papers

Mickey Mantle was a stupendous ball player. He was great at playingbaseball because he practiced a lot. His whole baseball career, is the career that I dream of having. He played in 12 of his 18 career years in the World Serieswith the Yankees. When Mickey Mantle was growing up, he was small, and spindly. His nickname was "little Mick" when he was a child. Mantle went to Commerce grade school. When Mickey was little, he always thought about baseball (Falkner 21). His parents bought baseball gloves for him, but his mom made his uniforms. When he started playing he always was a good batter from the right side. He was a little bit scared of the ball. Whenever the ball curved, he dropped so it would not hit him. His Dad was one that taught him how to switchhit. His dad and granddaddy always got some games going after school with some of Mickeys friends (Falkner 22).The people who taught him how to play the game were his father and grandfather. He practiced with them for at lea st 2 hours a day (Falkner 23). Mickey played sports and games whenever he could. He just could not stay away from the game of baseball. The one sport that Mickey did not want anything to do with was swimming. The reason why was because swimming almost cost him hislifeOnce him and his friends were swimming in a river,and they were not supposed to, and a lady came and seen them, and his friends unexpended him on a raft and he could not swim, and he fell off and almost drowned.Mickey did not like sch...

The Importance of Safety in Maintaining Good Health Essay -- utilizing

Utilizing guard duty precautions is among the factors of obtaining a high degree of physical wellbeing. Facebook posts, blogs, personal experience, and the news are just some of the sources where you hear stories about children, young adults, and cock-a-hoop adults who end up physic bothy hurt, hospitalized and sometimes even dead due to the fact that they were not utilizing safety precautions. Utilizing safety precautions is something everyone is capable of. Those who ignore or lead not to utilize safety precautions are often categorized as adolescents. Teen intoxicant use kills about 4,700 people each year, more than all illegal drugs combined (CDC). The Century Council says about 43% of teens that drinks do so at a party that is supervised by parents. Often times people develop sacred belief through their parent or guardian, it was the way their parents were raised, the way the child was raised and the chain usually continues. Parents or guardians with religious faith often refrain from the use of alcohol because their religion or church is not in favor of it, or of their own personal conviction. Parents who refrain form alcohol because of their religion would expect the same of their children. Because of the religion they possess, no party with alcohol would be in the house of those parents, resulting in their child refraining from alcohol use, and thus being able to think while sober and utilize safety precautions. As well as having a sober mindset and implementing safety precautions the adolescents personal religious beliefs, and convictions would refrain them from making choices that would put them in a situation where their safety is at risk. Those with religious beliefs appear to be making choices consistently and rationally thu... ...nuk. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014. . Washington State University. Wellbeing. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2014. What We Believe. The Salvation Army. The Salvation Army, n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2014. . White, Martha C. 5 Reaso ns Your Job Is Making You Miserable. Business Money 5 Reasons Your Job Is Making You Miserable Comments. time Magazine, 28 Oct. 2013. Web. 02 Apr. 2014. . Why Tim Keller Wants You to Stay in That Job You Hate. Interview by Andy Crouch. Christianity Today. Christianity Today, 22 Apr. 2013. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. .

The Importance of Safety in Maintaining Good Health Essay -- utilizing

Utilizing safety precautions is among the factors of obtaining a high degree of physical wellbeing. Facebook posts, blogs, individualised experience, and the news are just some of the sources where you hear stories about children, young adults, and grown adults who end up physically hurt, hospitalized and sometimes even dead delinquent to the fact that they were not utilizing safety precautions. Utilizing safety precautions is something everyone is capable of. Those who ignore or choose not to utilize safety precautions are often categorized as adolescents. Teen alcohol use kills about 4,700 people each year, more than all illegal drugs combined (CDC). The Century Council says about 43% of teens that drinks do so at a party that is supervised by parents. Often times people develop religious belief through their parent or guardian, it was the way their parents were raised, the way the child was raised and the chain usually continues. Parents or guardians with religious faith often refrain from the use of alcohol because their religion or church is not in favor of it, or of their own personal conviction. Parents who refrain form alcohol because of their religion would expect the same of their children. Because of the religion they possess, no party with alcohol would be in the house of those parents, resulting in their child refraining from alcohol use, and thus being able to think while sober and utilize safety precautions. As well as having a sober mindset and implementing safety precautions the adolescents personal religious beliefs, and convictions would refrain them from making choices that would put them in a situation where their safety is at risk. Those with religious beliefs appear to be making choices consistently and rationally thu... ...nuk. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014. . Washington State University. Wellbeing. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2014. What We Believe. The Salvation Army. The Salvation Army, n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2014. . White, Martha C. 5 Reaso ns Your excogitate Is Making You Miserable. Business Money 5 Reasons Your Job Is Making You Miserable Comments. Time Magazine, 28 Oct. 2013. Web. 02 Apr. 2014. . Why Tim Keller Wants You to Stay in That Job You Hate. Interview by Andy Crouch. Christianity Today. Christianity Today, 22 Apr. 2013. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. .

Inspector Goole’s role in the play Essay

The examiner is a critical part of J. B. priestlike An Inspector C each(prenominal)s. He is a catalyst in a concoction of Edwardian lies and deceit. The Inspectors role in the play is to make the other characters realise how people are responsible for how they affect the lives of others. priestly thought that if we are more aware of responsibility, the world should learn from their mistakes and develop into a place where every can be treated fairly. The Inspector states that everyone is, intertwined with our lives (p. 56).It is provoke that the Inspector enters after birle has just finished his speech on society and how he says, youd think everybody has to look after everybody else (p. 10). The Inspector is the antithesis of Mr. Birlings Victorian and capitalistic view on society every man for himself. Clearly, throughout the play, the Inspector has talked about the community, togetherness and sharing.The Inspector expresses an individual view of society. From the dialogue, it i s sheer that the Inspector has a societalist view. A socialist is a person who believes in a political and economic theory or system where the community, ordinarily through the state, owns the means of production, distribution and exchange.An example of a socialist view from the Inspector is, we are members of one body. We are responsible for each other (p. 56). Priestly uses the Inspector as a soapbox on which he can express his own socialist views. As a result, when these socialist ideas compete with capitalist views, the audience become more conscious about the flaws of society and themselves. For example, through the Inspectors comments on the way that factory owners exploited the desperation of others, the Inspector challenges the industrialist by saying that after all its better to ask for the earth than to take it (p.15), Priestly now begins to put across his message about social injustice. Consequently, with his opinions and morals, the Inspector undermines Birling.As w hen Birling states his capitalist opinion, the audience recognises early in the play that they are very wrong and immoral, youd think we were all conglomerate up together like bees in a hive community and all that nonsense (p. 10). In addition, when the Inspector leaves and the Birlings find out that he may be a hoax, Birling says that the Inspector was probably a Socialist or some sort of crank he talked like one (p. 60). This all strengthens Priestlys political and moral point.

Conceptual Skills

Conceptualizing Organizational swopThis paper centrees on conceptualising physical compositional spay as a plotted and amenable dish out. Different speculative assumptions atomic number 18 presented in cabaret to back off the argument of channelize as a planned and tractable exhibit in present-day(a) organisations. The paper utilises examples from both Nigerian companies, Access curse Plc and Unilever Nigeria Plc. The main conclusion is that Access situate Plc indicates that tack can be a planned turn, enchantment Unilever Nigeria Plc shows the case of agitate as a give careable process. However, it is indicated that variegate whitethorn not come by dint of as a planned and pliant process specially in the context of Nigerian public education and the food and deglutition patience. The paper also consecrates to understanding change as a waxy and groundbreaking process occurring in global companies.IntroductionIt has been suggested that organisational co mmitment may lead to the proper implementation of change. Managers tend to rely on employees while be after or managing organisational change, but organisational commitment may decrease as a direct response to such(prenominal) change (Grieves 2010). Manifesting positive employee attitudes towards change has been linked with successful change initiatives in organisations. It has been argued that change can be both a planned and manageable process (Caldwell 2006). At the same time, it may appear that change as a planned and manageable process may fail, as it will be shown in the case of Nigerian public education and the food and beverage effort. The objective of this paper is to explore the dimensions of change as a planned and manageable process, with focus on the performance of two Nigerian organisations, Access Bank Plc and Unilever Nigeria Plc.Change as a Planned Process Access Bank Plc, NigeriaThis section provides evidence on change as a planned process as applied in Access Ba nk Plc, Nigeria. There is an argument outlined in the change counseling literature suggesting that employee attitudes towards change might be affected by the perceptions employees demonstrate towards organisational change (Olufemi 2009). Employees play an alpha role in forming specific attitudes towards organisational change as a planned and manageable process (Caldwell 2006). They may either show positive or negative evaluative judgments of the change ideal. Change as a planned process indicates the presence of two dimensions, change cookery and change resistance. These dimensions confer the presence of strategic planning within organisations that are ready to hug the innovative concept of change. Change readiness has been associated with employees behavioural responses to change (Hughes 2010). Resistance to change may not take place in case employees strongly believe that they make up the capacities to cope with such projected change. Even though resistance to change may t ake place, it may be perceived in a positive way witnessing that it would hale companies to implement new and much trenchant strategies to address the issue of change.Change can be a planned process, which managers aim to link with change-oriented activities. It can be argued that planned change occurs when some stakeholders manifest a desire to change, enhance their personal introspection, and modify their behavioural patterns in relevant ways (Hughes 2011). However, it would be phantasmagorical to state that planned change reflects the idea that everyone decides it is useful. Change as a planned process indicates the presence of solid changing forces in both the immanent and external environs of organisations. Kotters 8-step model of change indicates that change can be a planned process involving eight proposed steps from creating the urgency for change to managing it accordingly in the organisational context (Hughes 2010). Jarrett (2003) has argued that planned change see ms to increase an organisations effectiveness. Approaches to change as a planned process may reflect the relevance of different theories and concepts that tend to describe the stages and procedures of implementing change.The integrative model of organisational change suggests that change can be a planned process through a strong focus on exploration, planning, action and desegregation (Jarrett 2003). In addition, emergent theories of change present an argument that managers who aim at developing change as a planned process show an in-depth understanding of the organisation, its culture, assets and readiness to change. Researchers have argued that change projects utilising process orientation and learning are more expected to succeed than those manifesting expert planning at all stages of organisational change in contemporary business organisation (Nistelrooij and Sminia 2010). Change planning and management have identified change as an essential competency for the majority of org anisational leading. Planning change in the context of certainty has become a necessary aspect in organisations which openly promotes flexible communication based on change and innovation. Since some individuals may perceive change as an integral part of organisational life, it would be relevant to focus on developing effective strategies to monitor and sustain such change (Hughes 2010). Planning in relation to change refers to a consideration of the current and future take of organisations.Companies illustrating that change can be a planned process focus on planning as a goal-directed activity, in which emphasis is go under on organisational goals while trying to maintain change. This may result in better coordination and easy implementation of change in companies (Carnell 2007). An exploration of the Nigerian depositing industry reveals a close relationship between planned organisational change and HRM interventions. New banking management practices in Nigeria require the imp lementation of planned change that may contribute to improved organisational commitment, performance and compliance with important regulatory standards (Olufemi 2009). The achievement of Intercontinental Bank by Access Bank Plc, Nigeria, has resulted in the necessity of redefining organisational change as a planned process to reflect the needs of the new workforce and the objectives of the banking organisation (Paton and MacCalman 2008).It has been suggested that successful change planning and management in organisations depends on mental facultying, alleviating fears, effective communication and planning, and integrating human resource systems (Hughes 2011). In the case of Access Bank Plc, planned organisational change has resulted in creating the need for the human resource plane section to focus on staffing (Olufemi 2009). The expansion of the banks recruiting base has been associated with perceptions of change as a planned process, in which the institution is focused on attra cting more talented employees. Even though organisational change may create fear and uncertainty, managers considering change as a planned process may alleviate those fears (Hayes 2010). The acquisition initiated by the Nigerian bank shows that employees have learned to adapt to new processes and procedures within the institution (Olufemi 2009).The case of Access Bank Plc indicates that organisational change can be a planned process due to the interventionist strategies employed by HR managers of the organisation. The creation of new job structures by the bank reflected the necessity to relate organisational change to employees roles and expectations (Olufemi 2009). This was done in order to accommodate employees working in both companies considering the acquisition process that took place. The existing human resource systems in the bank showed the slue of planned organisational change which further reflected employees commitment to the banks long-term objectives. Moreover, Access Bank Plc needed to adjust its HRM policies to achieve its initially determined strategic goals which represent the process of planned change within the institution (Hayes 2010). The model found in the bank presents the existence of convergence among HRM interventionist strategies that were consistent with the perceptions of change as a planned process.Variables such as fear, planning and development as well as integrated human resources indicate a strong focus on organisational change which has been adequately planned at Access Bank Plc. The banks managers have ensured understanding of the planned change process which is first harmonic for change implementation (Nistelrooij and Sminia 2010). The interests of different stakeholders are considered as part of such ongoing planning process. As a result of the acquisition, Access Bank Plc assay to alleviate employees uncertainty through setting clear corporate objectives and effective communication (Paton and McCalman 2008). Flexibili ty has been associated with planned organisational change in this Nigerian organisation. Taking various perceptions into consideration was important in encouraging employees commitment and planning change. Despite the occurrence of certain troths in the institution, the managers demonstrate strong leadership skills while planning and managing change. An other(a) significant aspect of the planned change process in Access Bank Plc is the formation of a change team for better articulation of the stages expected during organisational change.The Nigerian bank has demonstrated readiness of its employees to accept change as it has been linked with improved organisational performance (Olufemi 2009). The organisations managers encouraged integration between processes and implementation of new organisational methods to cope with the process of planned change. Strong corporate culture, strategy, structure and relevant organisational priorities emerged as a result of the Nigerian banks focus on organisational change as a planned process. The process of planned change tries to incorporate potential situations of crisis that may occur in the organisation (Caldwell 2006). Therefore, the planned approach to change incorporates unpredictable events that may result from different organisational conflicts.The Nigerian bank ensures constant adaptations to changing organisational situations. Considering that organisational change is unpredictable is important in perceiving such process as comprising of different organisational factors and flexible learning (Hughes 2010). Lessons learned from the case of Access Bank Plc involve both practical and theoretical considerations, such as identifying sources of change resistance, involvement of employees on a regular basis and developing proper communication plans (Olufemi 2009). The idea is to help the banks employees perceive themselves as part of the ongoing organisational change which reflected elements of a planned process. They n eed to understand that organisational change may influence them to a significant purpose in footing of becoming more confident and competent in completeing their roles and responsibilities (Nistelrooij and Sminia 2010). It has been demonstrated that all levels of management of Access Bank Plc were aligned with organisational change and frankincense prevented the formation of negative attitudes among employees. In conclusion, the progress of change in the Nigerian bank was significant due to the role played by HR managers and leaders who placed importance on communication to achieve the planned process of change.Failure of Change as a Planned Process Nigerian macrocosm SectorThis section describes the failure of change as a planned process in the Nigerian public sector. In a study conducted by Abdulraheem et al. (2013), it has been found that government reform agenda in Nigeria failed to achieve proper results in improving the quality of education in the country despite adopting the model of change as a planned process. In-depth interviews were conducted as the results showed that cultural differences are a significant indicator of adherence to organisational values (Abdulraheem et al. 2013). It has been suggested that despite the easy formulation of theories and models of change as planned, such aspects of change were difficult to implement in practice. Employees resistance to change was indicated across the Nigerian public sector. Cultural differences in terms of change prevented the successful implementation of change.Different education programmes have been introduced in the context of the Nigerian public sector, but they failed to achieve the objectives of meaningful change in education they initially presented. Abdulraheem et al. (2013) pointed out that change as a planned process was counterproductive to some educational programmes. The divergence of organisational values in Nigeria reflected the thwarted adoption of change as a planned process in p ublic education. Despite change efforts, the level of educational development was failed to be dig properly.Change as a Manageable Process Unilever Nigeria PlcThis section covers the implications of change as a manageable process in the case of Unilever Nigeria Plc. The business environment in general has created a fast pace of change in the workplaceVarious acquisitions, advanced technological tools, reformation, cutbacks and economic recession are all aspects that contribute to a quite unstable business climate (Hayes 2010). The cap baron to adjust to the demands of the evolving workplace is considered an essential element for individuals and organisational existence. Organisational change is constantly present at Unilever and individuals are shown ato manage, control condition and guide it. Such change refers not only to evaluate human factors, but also to an ability to organise and manage change factors efficiently, considering that change may be predictable (Grieves 2010). O rganisational change taking place in the Nigerian organisation is at a transitory stage in a billing of stabilising its future position in the industry. The process of organisational change at Unilever can be managed as the procedure of planning, controlling and executing change in organisations in such a way is to reduce employee confrontation/resistance and cost to the organisation. In turn increasing the usefulness of the change effort becomes a priority to managers. Change is both predictable and attractive for the Nigerian lodge embracing the idea of innovation (Carnell 2007).The current business environment indicates signs of rapid scrap which results from the application of change initiatives that target the development of companies in a relevant direction Aspects of globalised markets and swiftly evolving technology influence businesses to adopt change in order to strengthen their performance in the market (Hughes 2010). For instance, such changes may reflect the introduc tion of a new software programme, or refocusing a marketing strategy. Companies, it has been suggestsed, must accept the force of change simply because their business environments require constant changes to take place (Jarrett 2003). Different external and internal organisational factors guide companies to consider the importance of change. Internal demands for change are derived from old management and lower-level employees who drive the urgency for implementing change. External demands reflect changes in the PESTLE business environment (Burnes 2005).In practice, the management of change as presented in the case study of Unilever Nigeria Plc reflects common aspects of change observed in other Nigerian manufacturing organisations. . Observing the level of accepting organisational change among employees of Unilever Nigeria Plc may allow managers to structure the process of change in a manner to reflect employees different perceptions and expectations of change (Anthonia et al. 201 3). This example also focuses on drawing littleons that can be functional and useful to other companies operating in the business environment of Nigeria. Approving and implementing organisational change indicate Unilever employees eagerness and willingness, support and assurance to the organisation which is important during the phase of major shifts in the structure of the organisation (Jarrett 2003). It has been suggested that senior managers are usually not in a fringe in introducing change. They adhere to the belief that such procedure must be slow, balanced and systematic, particularly in large manufacturing companies like Unilever Nigeria Plc. Results from the survey conducted among employees of the Nigerian organisation revealed that the mean acceptance of change for all participants was reasonable. It has been indicated that characteristics of work settings do not represent any barriers to adopting change by Unilever employees.Acceptance of change by Unilever employees indi cates the fervor and confidence of the involved parties to hold and operate in a flexible business environment dominated by stakeholders assurance to influence and execute the changes (Anthonia et al. 2013). As highlighted by different scholars (Caldwell 2006 Jarrett 2003), the process of change can be both planned and managed especially if all stakeholders accept the desired outcomes by such organisational change. Researchers have argued that change should be established, executed and managed in such a way that draws the dedication from the affected parties like employees to accomplish the desired goals (Burnes 2004 Carnell 2007 Hayes 2010). The idea is that change is obligatory and predictable for organisations, as in the case of Unilever. It has been argued that to productively promote innovation in Unilever Nigeria Plc, it is not possible for senior management to have the ability and expertise needed for recognising the necessity to manage change. Managers needed to widen their understanding of the major factors that may encourage or obstruct employees support for change initiatives in the organisation (Hughes 2010). This is significant because employees are considered the main stakeholders as well as the executers of change in the organisation. In the case of Unilever, it has been indicated that older employees and management staff were less receptive to the concept of change in comparison to younger employees working in the organisation.From the perspective of Unilever Nigeria Plc, employees were expected to hold and manage the execution of innovation through recognising the importance of innovative organisational culture. Unilever is a manufacturing company, in which the success of innovations is closely associated with support and encouragement from both senior management and non-managerial personnel (Anthonia et al. 2013). Additionally, innovations in Unilever Nigeria require strategic policies representing the companys vision, goals, priorities and ways of action. In order to contribute to successful management of change within the organisation, senior managers combined effort and interpersonal corporate trust of all employees from all organisational departments and levels comprising the organisations hierarchical structure (Olufemi 2009). Unilever Nigerian Plc indicates an objective to deliver sufficient dividend on stakeholder investments. Yet the company is not loathsome to most problems faced by other Nigerian companies. Similarly to most organisations operating in Nigeria, Unilever faced different internal challenges that weakened its competence to accomplish its mission thus pursuing to reinvent itself and manage the change process.Unilever Nigeria Plc has achieved solutions through innovations in order to implement change which has been recognised as a manageable process. The organisation is dedicated to innovation in various dimensions of its business, such as products, change policies, marketing initiatives and chang e mechanism strategies. It has been demonstrated that Unilever should reconsider the way in which it carries out its business activities in the economic Nigerian environment (Anthonia et al. 2013). The Nigerian organisation provides a practical example of how companies embrace the idea of change and manage it accordingly, with the idea to guarantee that the change process is executed effectively (Hayes 2010). Employees support, motivation, encouragement and commitment to change is fundamental. For example, results from surveying employees at Unilever revealed that most employees accept innovations, as non-managerial staff was more ready to accept change.Unilever Nigeria Plc tries to achieve the goals outlined in its vision of being a leading manufacturing organisation in Nigeria. However, the changes (or innovations) used to direct the company in that direction must be suitable to all stakeholders as well as properly executed (Burnes 2005). However, the successful execution of chang e and implementing other alteration measures in Unilever Nigeria Plc represents the relevance of two functional categories of human resources, that is management and non-management employees. Employees commitment to accomplish the various stages of change is a necessary requirement for the translation of the company into an innovative enterprise because it would reflect strong indications of a companys dynamic tempo of development (Hughes 2011). It has been found, through administering surveys to a sample of 720 senior/management staff and junior/non-managerial staff, that employees of Unilever Nigeria Plc demonstrated a positive attitude towards change. This indicates a high level of recognition of change on the behalf of stakeholders (Anthonia et al. 2013). The findings recommended that senior management of Unilever Nigeria Plc indicated effective practices of uniting employees in order to sustain and manage the change process.The findings further implied that since employees at the company are likely to assess change completely, they are not opposed to it and thus any resistance is not expected to take place. In other words, employees would accept change and oppose it only if it increases level-headed concerns that may emerge in the workplace (Hughes 2011). This is consistent with the views shared in the organisational change management literature in the sense that negative attitudes of change may be an indicator for growing anxiety among employees. These findings are consistent with claims presented in existing literature, which shows that individuals may resist change or innovations because of uncertainty, misunderstanding, peer pressure, personal conflict and inaccurate perceptions of the change process (Anthonia et al. 2013 Hughes 2011 Paton and McCalman 2008). In particular, participative management, quality control management and trust in management emerged as important determinants of accepting the validity of the organisational change process by t urning it into manageable and acceptable among employees of Unilever Nigeria Plc (Anthonia et al. 2013).The change initiated by senior management of Unilever Nigeria Plc was supported by employees, indicating that the organisation has adequately communicated the necessity to embrace and manage change (Anthonia et al. 2013). The major objective of the case study was to describe the organisational management of change at Unilever Nigeria Plc, which provided evidence that the change process can be manageable. The outcome that can be illustrated from this case study is that the corporate strategic model implied above does not seem to fit in with the assumptions of change demonstrated by senior managers (Hughes 2010). This may result in damaging the execution of necessary change at the organisation. This can apply to all manufacturing companies in Nigeria, as the majority of Nigerian organisations face interrelated challenges across different industry sectors.Failure of Change as a Manag eable Process The Food and deglutition Industry in NigeriaThis section demonstrates findings that change has failed as a manageable process in some companies operating in the food and beverage industry in Nigeria. Olarewaju and Folarin (2012) aimed at exploring the impact of economic and political environment changes on organisational performance. Respondents from three companies operating in this industry filled questionnaires, as the results indicated that change failed as a manageable process. It has been suggested that managers should demonstrate greater concerns regarding organisational change and performance in terms of employing regular scanning of programmes introduced in organisations.It has been concluded that the influence of the external business environment, which involves persistent change, on organisational performance in the food and beverage industry in Nigeria was inadequate (Olarewaju and Folarin 2012). Understanding change as a manageable process was not effecti ve across this industry because some food and beverage companies did not succeed in maintaining their performance measurement system properly. Forces shaping competition in the industry were irrelevant, pointing out that change initiatives were inadequate in this business context.ConclusionThis paper presented arguments that change can be a planned and manageable process in contemporary organisations. The focus was on discussing the implications of change in the context of Nigerian companies, respectively Access Bank Plc and Unilever Nigeria Plc. It has been concluded that Access Bank Plc demonstrates a change structured process that is planned, whereas Unilever Nigeria Plc illustrates a manageable change process (Caldwell 2006). In addition, details of the failure of change as a planned and manageable process were included with regards to Nigerian public education and the food and beverage industry. The paper also illustrated the argument that change is linked with innovative orga nisational culture, which indicates a strong focus on the expected innovative performance of companies (Burnes 2004). The implications of conceptualising change as a planned and manageable process may help individuals and practitioners in the field recognise important characteristics and stages of organisational change.ReferencesAbdulraheem, I., Mordi, C., Ojo, Y. and Ajonbadi, H. (2013) Outcomes of Planned Organisational Change in the Nigerian Public Sector Insights from the Nigerian Higher Education Institutions, Economic Insights-Trends and Challenges, Vol. 2(1) pp26-37Anthonia, A., Adewale, O. and Joachim, A. (2013) Organisational Change and pitying Resource counselling Interventions An Investigation of the Nigerian Banking Industry, Serbian Journal of Management, Vol. 8(2) pp139-153Burnes, B. (2004) Managing Change, London, Prentice HallBurnes, B. (2005) Complexity Theories and Organizational Change, foreign Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 7(2) pp73-90Caldwell, R. (2006) Agency and Change, London, RoutledgeCarnell, C. (2007) Managing Change in Organisations, London, Prentice HallGrieves, J. (2010) Organisational Change Themes and Issues, Oxford, Oxford University PressHayes, J. (2010) The Theory and Practice of Change Management, London, PalgraveHughes, M. (2010) Managing Change A Critical Perspective, London, CIPDHughes, M. (2011) Do 70 Per cent of All Organizational Change Initiatives Really Fail?, Journal of Change Management, Vol. 11(4) pp451-464Jarrett, M. (2003) The Seven Myths of Change Management, crinkle Strategy Review, Vol. 14(4) pp22-29Olarewaju, A. A. and Folarin, E. A. (2012) Impacts of External Business Environment on Organisational Performance in the Food and Beverage Industry in Nigeria, British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, Vol. 6(2) pp194-201Olufemi, A. J. (2009) Managing Organisational Change in Nigeria Manufacturing Enterprises Lessons from the Unilever Nigeria Plc, International Business Management, Vol. 3(2) pp15-21Pa ton, R. A. and McCalman, J. (2008) Change Management A Guide to Effective Implementation, London, SageVan Nistelrooij, A. and Sminia, H. (2010) Organization Development Whats Actually Happening?, Journal of Change Management, Vol. 10(4) pp 407-420

Salem Witch Trials Research Paper

During the early winter of 1692 two childly girls became inexplicably ill and started having fits of convulsion, screaming, and hallucinations. Unable to find any medical rea male child for their condition the village limit say that there mustiness be supernatural forces of delightcraft at work. This began an awaybreak of violence that would result in the arrest of over one hundred-fifty mass and effectuation of twenty women and men. The madness continued for over four months. The notorious witch trials of capital of Oregon, Massachusetts occurred from June through September.It is a brief, but turbulent period in floor and the causes of the trials have long been a source of discussion among historians. Many try to explain or rationalize the bizarre happenings of the witch hunts and the causes that contributed to them. To under rack the trials and how they came to be, we must commencement ceremony examine the ideals and views of the raft surrounding the events. capital of Oregon Village had a very colorful history before the famous witch trials. It was not but known as a bastion of tranquillity in in the raw England.The main reason was its 600 plus residents were divided into two main types those who wanted to separate from capital of Oregon township, and those who did not. The residents who wanted to separate from Salem Town were farming families located in the western part of Salem Village. Those who wanted to remain a part of Salem Town were typically located on the eastern side of Salem Villageclosest to Salem Town. The residents who wished to remain a part of Salem Town were economically tied to its thriving, rich harbors. Many of the Salem Village farming families believed that Salem Towns thriving economy make it too individualistic.This individualism was in opposition to the communal nature that Puritanism mandated. Thus, they were out of touch with the rest of Salem Village. One particularly large farming family who snarl that Salem To wn was out of touch with the rest of Salem Village was the Putnams. Belief in the supernatural, specifically in the devils practice of giving certain human beings (witches) the power to harm others in father for their loyaltyhad emerged in Europe as early as the 14th century, and was widespread in colonial New England.In addition, the harsh realities of life in the rural Puritan community of Salem Village (present-day Danvers, Massachusetts) at the time included the aft(prenominal)-effects of a British war with France in the American colonies in 1689, a recent smallpox epidemic, fears of attacks from neighboring Native American tribes and a longstanding rivalry with the more affluent community of Salem . Amid these simmering xsions, the Salem witch trials would be fueled by residents suspicions of and resentment toward their neighbors, as well as their fear of outsiders.The events which led to the Witch Trials actually occurred in what is now the town of Danvers, whence a paris h of Salem Town, known as Salem Village. Launching the hysteria was the bizarre, seemingly inexplicable behavior of two young girls the daughter, Betty, and the niece, Abigail Williams, of the Salem Village minister, elevated Samuel Parris In February, 1692, three accused women were examined by Magistrates Jonathan Corwin and John Hathorne. Corwins home, known as the Witch House, still stands at the corner of labor union and Essex Streets in Salem, providing guided tours and tales of the first witchery trials.John Hathorne, an ancestor of author Nathaniel Hawthorne, is buried in the Charter Street Old Burying Point. By the time the hysteria had spent itself, 24 people had died. Nineteen were hanged on Gallows Hill in Salem Town, but some died in prison house. Giles Corey at first pleaded not felonious to charges of witchcraft, but subsequently refused to stand trial. This refusal meant he could not be convicted legally. However, his examiners chose to subject him to interrogatio n by the placing of stone weights on his body.He survived this brutal torture for two days before dying. Though the prise minister Cotton Mather had warned of the dubious value of spectral evidence, his concerns went largely unheeded during the Salem witch trials. Increase Mather, president of Harvard College and Cottons fix later joined his son in urging that the standards of evidence for witchcraft must be equal to those for any other crime, concluding that It would better that ten suspected witches may incline than one innocent personbe condemned.Trials continued with dwindling intensity until early 1693, and by that May Phips had pardoned and released those in prison on witchcraft charges. The upshot of the Salem witch trials was severe. Many people were stuck in jail, unable to pay for their stay during the trials. Other people who were convicted had their land conviscated going families broke and homeless. Many people after the salem witch trials could not get along with each other like the accusers and the familes of the accused.Many people tried to atone their accusation and make habitual apologies to the families of the accused and to Salem. Many people did forgive, but many families still felt it was not enough. Since the Salem Witch trials has ended, there has been no more deaths because of witchcraft or an accusation of one. The Salem Witch Trials has left such an effect on Salem Village that it was renamed Danvers and is called that to this day.Salem Witch Trials search PaperDuring the early winter of 1692 two young girls became inexplicably ill and started having fits of convulsion, screaming, and hallucinations. Unable to find any medical reason for their condition the village doctor declared that there must be supernatural forces of witchcraft at work. This began an outbreak of hysteria that would result in the arrest of over one hundred-fifty people and execution of twenty women and men. The madness continued for over four months.The notorious witch trials of Salem, Massachusetts occurred from June through September. It is a brief, but turbulent period in history and the causes of the trials have long been a source of discussion among historians. Many try to explain or rationalize the bizarre happenings of the witch hunts and the causes that contributed to them. To understand the trials and how they came to be, we must first examine the ideals and views of the people surrounding the events.Salem Village had a very colorful history before the famous witch trials. It was not exactly known as a bastion of tranquillity in New England. The main reason was its 600 plus residents were divided into two main parts those who wanted to separate from Salem Town, and those who did not. The residents who wanted to separate from Salem Town were farming families located in the western part of Salem Village. Those who wanted to remain a part of Salem Town were typically located on the eastern side of Salem Villageclosest to Sale m Town. The residents who wished to remain a part of Salem Town were economically tied to its thriving, rich harbors.Many of the Salem Village farming families believed that Salem Towns thriving economy made it too individualistic. This individualism was in opposition to the communal nature that Puritanism mandated. Thus, they were out of touch with the rest of Salem Village. One particularly large farming family who felt that Salem Town was out of touch with the rest of Salem Village was the Putnams.Belief in the supernatural, specifically in the devils practice of giving certain humans (witches) the power to harm others in return for theirloyaltyhad emerged in Europe as early as the 14th century, and was widespread in colonial New England. In addition, the harsh realities of life in the rural Puritan community of Salem Village (present-day Danvers, Massachusetts) at the time included the after-effects of a British war with France in the American colonies in 1689, a recent smallpox epidemic, fears of attacks from neighboring Native American tribes and a longstanding rivalry with the more affluent community of Salem . Amid these simmering tensions, the Salem witch trials would be fueled by residents suspicions of and resentment toward their neighbors, as well as their fear of outsiders.The events which led to the Witch Trials actually occurred in what is now the town of Danvers, then a parish of Salem Town, known as Salem Village. Launching the hysteria was the bizarre, seemingly inexplicable behavior of two young girls the daughter, Betty, and the niece, Abigail Williams, of the Salem Village minister, Reverend Samuel ParrisIn February, 1692, three accused women were examined by Magistrates Jonathan Corwin and John Hathorne. Corwins home, known as the Witch House, still stands at the corner of North and Essex Streets in Salem, providing guided tours and tales of the first witchcraft trials. John Hathorne, an ancestor of author Nathaniel Hawthorne, is buried i n the Charter Street Old Burying Point. By the time the hysteria had spent itself, 24 people had died. Nineteen were hanged on Gallows Hill in Salem Town, but some died in prison. Giles Corey at first pleaded not guilty to charges of witchcraft, but subsequently refused to stand trial. This refusal meant he could not be convicted legally. However, his examiners chose to subject him to interrogation by the placing of stone weights on his body. He survived this brutal torture for two days before dying.Though the respected minister Cotton Mather had warned of the dubious value of spectral evidence, his concerns went largely unheeded during the Salem witch trials. Increase Mather, president of Harvard College and Cottons father later joined his son in urging that the standards of evidence for witchcraft must be equal to those for any other crime, concluding that It would better that ten suspected witches may escape than one innocent personbe condemned.Trials continued with dwindling int ensity until early 1693, and by that May Phips had pardoned and released those in prison on witchcraft charges. The aftermath of the Salem witch trials was severe.Many people were stuck in jail, unable to pay for their stay during the trials. Other people who were convicted had their land conviscated leaving families broke and homeless. Many people after the salem witch trials could not get along with each other like the accusers and the familes of the accused. Many people tried to repent their accusation and make public apologies to the families of the accused and to Salem. Many people did forgive, but many families still felt it was not enough. Since the Salem Witch trials has ended, there has been no more deaths because of witchcraft or an accusation of one. The Salem Witch Trials has left such an effect on Salem Village that it was renamed Danvers and is called that to this day.

Posse Comitatus Act (1878) Essay

The posse comitatus Comitatus symbolize is a United States federal law which had been passed on June 16, 1878 as an outcome of two sources, the first being the end of the Reconstruction Period. From the establishment of the Republic till the passing of the pretend in question it had been measuring practice to position federal legions at polling spots in order to avoid inebriates from voting as nearly as to ascertain that those passel who would be entering the polls were sanctioned to do so in a period of restricted suffrage.As the Civil War ended, those federal troops were positioned in the polls in order to assure that worldwide manhood suffrage was totallyowed, and also that no previous Confederate officers would be allowed to vote since all former Confederate officers were not allowed to vote nor to hold position above the kingdom level and the end of the Civil War Reconstruction Period entails that instruction execution of the said restrictions are no longer needed (Pric e, and Rectenwald, 2007). The second reason came from the terms on the western frontier in that fort commanders were usually the only(a) law and order in a district, the solitary security for pioneers who are on the move to the west. The majority of these frontiers was still beyond the United States proper, and had not been allowed in the statehood. Fort commanders then started to put into effect graciousian law enforcement accountabilities, at times in a random manner, to stalk those people they regard as criminals or Indians who are dangerous for the early settlers.The line of reasoning being that criminality and Indian assaults took place swiftly and necessitate swift action from those in powers who happens to be in the same location. They were also far away from Washington D.C. and thus the outcomes were at times infringements of the constitution and stipulations otherwise unsound to chosen civil government activity (Baker, 1999). The Act then was passed to veto the ground f orces in civil law enforcement the Act also represents the long-established American dogma of separating civilian from military authorities as well as to currently prohibit the use of Army and Air Forces in order to implement civilian laws. In the past 15 years, the Congress has intentionally worn down this belief by engaging the military in do drugs prohibition in the United States border. This particular friction would carry on unless the Congress renovates the posse Comitatus Act doctrine to protect the crucial and traditional separation and distinction of civilian and military officials (Isenberg, 2002). The increasing amphetamine with which the military is regarded as a universal remedy for domestic difficulties will promptly destabilize the Posse Comitatus Act if it continue as it is unrestricted. Trivial exemptions to the Posse Comitatus Act could rapidly develop into major exemptions. For an instance, in 1981, Congress made an exemption to the Posse Comitatus Act to s anction military participation in drug outlawing in the United States borders, later on, in 1989, Congress assigned the Department of Defense as the single lead agency in drug inhibition endeavors. The Posse Comitatus Act criminalizes, efficiently prohibiting, the utilization of Army or of the air Forces as a posse comitatus to implement the laws and regulations of US, it statesWhoever, except in cases and under mickle expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress, willfully uses any part of the Army or Air Force as a posse comitatus or otherwise to execute the laws shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than two years, or both (Young, 2003). tour a criminal law, the Posse Comitatus Act has a more significant function as a declaration of policy which represents the traditional American principle of the division among military and civilian authorities, which also happens o be one of the more or less vital guidelines of the United States form of gover nment (Rossi, 2002). Major as well as trivial exemptions to the Posse Comitatus Act which permit the utilization of the military in law implementation tasks, distort the line which separates the tasks of the civilians from the military officials, destabilize civilian jurisdiction of the military, injure military alacrity, and ineffectually solve the difficulties that they allegedly deals with (Rossi, 2002). Moreover, amplifying the functions of the military would fortify the federal law implementation equipment which is at present, under close critical review for straining its power. While it appears to be kind, such augmentations in military influence renew the terror of past exceeds in limitations which occurred in the late 1960s (Rossi, 2002). As was mentioned earlier, the Posses Comitatus Act of 1878 occurred as an immediate response to the escalating use of the military for tasks meant for civilians during the Reconstruction period. On numerous instances military troops were c alled upon to suppress civil commotions, to aid in creating governments in the southern states, as well as to implement civil laws and regulations. This topic came to a start when Rutherford Hayes came triumphant in the questionable presidential election which took place in 1876.Allegations were rapidly made that military troops which were sent to southern states acted as a posse comitatus (power of the people) for federal marshals at the polls played a role in giving the President the required vote he needed to win the election. In 1878, a democrat controlled house of Representatives O.K. an army appropriations bill (20 Stat 145, 152) which hold language specifically banning the use of military troops as a posse comitatus, the act as a result, discarded the Mansfield Doctrine that military army could be put into use in civilian roles provided that they were subject to civilian laws and associated the use of the army with martial law.The things included in the said act basically, stayed unchanged save for the addendum of the Air Force in 1956 (70A Stat 626 (1956), however the Congress has made several(prenominal) developments to the some of the complete exemptions to the act (ex. 10 USC 331, 10 USC 332, and the like) (Young, 2003). The Posse Comitatus act provided two situations in which the Act could be disregarded when an exemption is specifically approved by the Constitution and when Congress specifically permitted an exemption. The first of the said stipulations has generated much perplexity in the use of the Act especially since the Constitution holds no instruct specifically allowing the utilization of the army to implement the law of the land. Majority of the texts discussing the constitutional exemptions of the Posse Comitatus act centers on the clash between the indirect and intrinsic constitutional influence and control of the President. This is mainly because the President also happens to be the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces (Baker, 1 999). The next condition which permits the exemptions to the Posse Comitatus act is Congressional approval, and it has been put into use in two ways. First is by providing a division of the armed services with civilian law enforcement capacities, and second by setting up rules for detailed kinds of aid, on so doing, modifying explicit constitutional exemptions to correspond to particular situations (Baker, 1999). In the 1st case Congress has specifically allowed the coast guard to execute law enforcement tasks during peacetime, most particularly of anti-drug laws (14 USC 2) which had also been mentioned earlier in this paper. During wartimes power for the Coast Guard passes on from the Department of Transportation to the Navy, yet under the constitutional exemptions made by Congress the Coast Guard could still perform its law enforcement tasks, it should also be taken into account that the Navy and Marine corps have been subjected to the Act in question by DoD Directive 5525.5 (1986 , as amended in 1989) as well as by Secretary of the Instruction (SECNAVINST) 5820.7B (1988) (Isenberg, 2002). Secondly, relation back has passed several sections of legislation allowing the use of the army backing and appliance in helping civilian law enforcement (10 USC 371-82), majority of this legislation was derived in 1981 following the state of affairs in the Wounded Knee. These state of affairs stalked from the 1973 occupation of a facility on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, and the following blockade, capture, and hearing of the American Indian Movement, throughout the course of the blockade the federal civilian law enforcement officials made widespread use of information, personnel, and apparatus offered by the army.The support offered by the army eventually resulted to the weakening of the indictments against those people who had been seized, and it became apparent that Congress have to deal with the necessity for constitutional prohibitions to the original act, in addition to the legal exemptions regarding offering civil law enforcement with help at times of civil disturbance (10 USC 331, 10 USC 332). The guidelines spread under the decrees offer for the conservation of federal possessions and government roles, and permits the use of army in state of emergency when civil officials are incapable to control the state of affairs, further legislation has been passed including situations when nuclear materials is involved in the emergency (Young, 2003). It may seem that the Posse Comitatus Act 1878 represents the principle of the explicit division between the army and civilian forces, a tenet which had been a fundamental constituent of the US history. However, it is fascinating to take into notice that one has ever been found guilty with infringement of 18 USC 1385, and as could be seen in the first part of this paper, Congress is quick in making exemptions for the sudden intrusion of the army (most notable of which is the campaign agains t drugs) and this constant use of the army as well as the Congress amendment of the Act to use the military had been constant source of controversy up to this point in time.Works CitedBaker, Bonnie. The Origins of the Posse Comitatus. (1999) celestial latitude 8, 2007 .Isenberg, David. Posse Comitatus. (2002) December 8, 2007 .Price, Lori R., and Michael D. Rectenwald. The Posse Comitatus Act of 1878. (2007) December 8, 2007 Rossi, C. T. The Posse Comitatus Act Can We Maintain American Freedom Without It? (2002) December 8, 2007 http//www.enterstageright.com/.Young, Stephen. The Posse Comitatus Act. (2003) December 8, 2007.

Malaysian Speech Language Pathologists Practices Education Essay

1.0 IntroductionThe best indicant to find the local prevalence of fools with developmental disablement is from international surveies which have suggested that more than 10 % of all joshs in the universe have developmental disablement ( Amar 2008 ) . Using this rate to local population under 15 old ages old with the direct of 9.2 million ( Department of Statistics Malaysia 2011 ) , approximative 920,000 peasants with disablement would be found in Malaysia. oral communication actors line diagnosticians ( SLPs ) play a important function in assisting the communication development of individuals ( ASHA 2005 ) so that they argon able to populate inclusively in society as stated in Persons with Disabilities Act 2008 ( Government of Malaysia 2008 ) . In the mid-1990, merely little than vanadium dialect wrangle Diagnosticians who trained overseas were working locally in Malaysia which ensuing of amazing 1 2.5 million Speech talking to Pathologist to people ratio ( Ahmad 2010 ) . Finally, formal local Speech speech communication Pathologist preparation started in the late 1990 ( Sharma 2008 ) . Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ( UKM ) is the innovator to offer Bachelor of Speech intelligence with Honors while Universiti Sains Malaysia ( USM ) began offering their Speech Pathology plan in 2004-2005. By 2011, more than 175 Speech spoken communication Pathologists had graduated from the universities ( Aishah 2012- unpublished ) and atomic number 18 functioning to the conjunction in different scenes.Lian & A Abdullah ( 2001 ) found that the profession of Speech Language Pathologist is clam up in its babyhood phase in Malaysia. The profession still needs old ages to turn and maturate ( Kosta 2005 ) . Indeed, many Malayan Speech Language Diagnosticians have indicated that they face great challenges to keep good profession patterns. The challenges be unfavourable working environment, deficit of Speech Language Pathologists, high caseload, small chances for go oning instruction and other factors ( Ahmad 2010 Sharma 2008 ) . Despite many challenges that affect Malayan Speech Language Pathologists patterns when deplume offing instances, the balance between pragmatism and professionalism should be achieved in evidence to supply equity and quality of service supplying ( Ahmad 2010 Taylor-Goh 2005 ) .American Speech-Language-Hearing Association ( ASHA ) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) define developmental balk ( DD ) as terrible chronic conditions that occur in an single callable to corporal and or mental damage. Examples of developmental disablement argon rational disablement such as Down s syndrome, neuromuscular up destines such as sharp paralysis, sightlessness, hearing damage, larning disablements, epilepsy, and Autism Spectrum Disorder ( ASD ) ( Decoufle et al. 1994 ) . The oncoming of the conditions is before 22 old ages of age and go forth normally stay throughout the person s life-time. Peoples with developmental disablement have restrictions and jobs in his or her major functional life activities such as acquisition, working, walking, speech production and other countries ( ASHA 2005 & A CDC 2011 ) .capital of Minnesota ( 2001 ) described kids in the maturation Language Stage ( DLS ) as group of kids who are still at the period of larning to unite words into sen ten-spotces and they have expressive vocabularies larger than 50 words. ontogeny Language Phase occurs between 2 and 5 old ages of age for typical developing kids. Another manner to depict create Language Stage is that it refers to lingual communication degree in Brown s Stage II-V. This indicated average lengths of vocalization ( MLU ) of more than two but less than five morphemes. The type of sentence produced by them are at the scope of additive simple sentences with outgrowth of grammatical morphemes, like my cat s feeding to step forward sentences, like I drink milk and daddy drink java ( Shipley & A M cAfee 2009 ) .Developing Language Phase is the most explosive phase of linguistic communication development for kindergartner to develop from telegraphic vocalizations to basic sentence constructions ( capital of Minnesota 2001 ) . For kids with developmental disablement, they needs suppress intercession to travel through this phase ( Paul 2001 International Centre for totallyied wellness Evidence 2007 integrity et al. 2010 ) . Hence, this is an of import passage gate for them to either remain at the corresponding phase or to turn and come in the Language for Learning Stage. Malayan Speech Language Pathologists play great function to ease the acquisition of this group of kids. This is because entail caseload seen by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists particularly those who are working general infirmary consists of paediatric instances ( Aishah 2012- unpublished Sharma 2008 ) . From all the paediatric instance, Speech Language Disorder ( SLD ) is the most prevailing type of communicating damage seen by Speech Language Pathologists in general infirmary ( Aishah 2012- unpublished ) .Therefore, this subject will function as a mention for the professionals in address and linguistic communication pathology about the pattern by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists in withdraw offing kids with Developmental impediment in the Developing Language Stage. Opinions and recommendations by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists sing the bing issues will in any event be collected to give more in-depth apprehension about the pattern by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists. Besides, this survey will supply feedbacks to the professional associations & A universities about the development of Malayan Speech Language Pathologists.Clinical pattern guidelines related to communicating upset in kids are good documented by professional association from western states because they provide relevant statements sing clinical direction that are based on the available current grou ndss including adept clinical sentiments ( Hargrove et al. 2008 & A Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . The guidelines besides assist Speech Language Pathologists in clinical determination devising procedure and to supply high criterions of minimal best patterns go ( Hargrove et al. 2008 SPA 2001 Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Looking back to Malaysia, guideline constitution for the profession of speech linguistic communication pathology in the local context is still developing due to limited resources and work force. Based on the guidelines documented by American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and Royal College of Speech Language Therapists ( RCSLP ) , few common chief clinical procedures are highlighted and overly discussed to guarantee minimal best pattern to be beneficial by the Speech Language Pathologists. The procedures are attack utilize in direction, appraisal, planning and intervention ( ASHA 2005 Gerber & A Prizant 2008 Taylor-Goh 2005 ) .Approach used in speech linguistic communicati on pathology direction could be delivered utilizing different attacks harmonizing to the state of affairs by either working independently or in close partnership with squad members ( SPA 2001 ) . However, coaction that involves firm centered, squad working and culturally appropriate services is able to guarantee effectual direction to the kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage ( ASHA 2005 Diane 2011 SPA 2001 Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Family-centered is a set of interrelate beliefs, rules and values that practiced by the facilitators including Speech Language Pathologists to back up and beef up the kid s household capacity to heighten and fall out his development and acquisition ( Dunst 2002 ) . Through working in a multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary squad, Speech Language Diagnosticians do non provides services in isolation. Alternatively, this teaming establishes a give voice intent and shared ends throughout the direction among the households, pro fessionals and the kid ( ASHA 2005 ) . The cultural background of the households and the kid with Developmental Disability is really meaningful in service proviso particularly in Malaysia, a state which is good known by its multi-ethnicity, multi-cultures and multi-linguistics. Multicultural fluctuations that ever encountered by Speech Language Diagnosticians are values about acquisition, beliefs and perceptual experience about kid functions in the household, outlooks for child behaviour at different developmental degrees and household perceptual experiences and attitudes toward a disablement ( Diane & A Froma 2011 ) .Assessment involves roll uping relevant informations about the kid s conditions to make a diagnosing while diagnosing entails placing and understanding the jobs or shortages of the kid ( Paul 2001 ) . Both assessment and diagnosing are ongoing procedures because the diagnosing of the kid could alter over clip as the turning and development of him or her are besides ongoing ( Haynes & A Pindzola 2004 ) . The chief grounds for appraisal are to get at a good apprehension of the kid s job, to set up the baseline degree of operation, to ease ends be aftering for intercession and to mensurate the advancement of the kid in intervention ( Haynes & A Pindzola 2004 Paul 2001 ) . Appraisal with kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage is encouraged to see all relevant modes across different contexts utilizing appropriate appraisal tools ( Paul 2001 Taylor-Goh 2005 Haynes & A Pindzola 2004 ) . In add-on, appraisal of developmental age or mental age is normally used by Speech Language Pathologists during diagnosing to qualify the kid s functional accomplishments. But, many Speech Language Pathologists excessively have been discouraged to trust entirely on the usage of developmental age appraisal during diagnosing because it could non reflect the high variableness among the kids ( DeVeney et al. 2012 ) .Based on the assessme nt findings, the planning of intercession plan specifies the ends and the procedure of intercession by sing the kid s damage, demands and outlooks ( Paul 2001 SPA 2001 Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . The planning aims to place and develop meaningful and contributing acquisition environment for the kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage in functional day-to-day activities ( ASHA 2005 ) . Hence, relevant and possible schemes, contexts, issues, result and timeline should be documented to ease the service provided by Speech Language Pathologists is coordinated, oecumenical and holistic ( Diane 2011 Paul 2001 SPA 2001 Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Besides, Speech Language Diagnosticians are strongly encouraged to follow Evidence-Based trust ( EBP ) to help clinical determination ( ASHA 2005 Brankenbury 2008 Diane 2011 Johnson 2006 SPA 2001 Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Evidence-Based Practice ( EBP ) encourages the Speech Language Pathologists to take consideration of ( a ) curr ent high-quality scientific research ( B ) Speech Language Pathologists expertness and experience and ( degree Celsius ) household s penchants, values, and involvements ( Diane 2011 ) . It is an of import portion of effectual and ethical directions as it guides Speech Language Pathologists to extinguish methods which appear no or minimal clinical make ( Brankenbury 2008 Taylor-Goh 2005 ) . Besides, Evidence-Based Practice besides helps the profession of speech linguistic communication pathology to accomplish higher answerability and credibleness ( Johnson 2006 ) .Effective instruction techniques ( ASHA 2005 Dunst et Al. 2011 Law et al. 1999 Law 2003 ) are really of import to find the result of the intervention plan. There are three types of intercession methods that are didactic, realistic, and combination of didactic & A realistic attacks ( Dunst et al. 2011 Law et al. 1999 Law 2003 ) . The classification of different type of intercession methods is non purposes for Spee ch Language Pathologists to take merely one method and utilize it systematically. In fact, it prepares a repertory of methods available for Speech Language Pathologists to fit the acquisition of the kid with the special ends that have targeted ( Paul 2001 ) . In this manner, the efficiency of the intervention for the kid with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage is maximized. Introduction of appropriate stuffs or activities ( ASHA 2005 ) , single acquisition environment ( ASHA 2005 Dunst et Al. 2011 ) , assistive engineerings ( Sandra & A Sahoby 2006 ) and Augmentative and Alternative chat ( AAC ) systems ( Millar et Al. 2006 Rose et Al. 1999 ) are all portion of duties of Speech Language Pathologists in giving intervention to the kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage. These constituents despatch the acquisition and growth of the kid in a familiar nature environment which is filled with synergistic communicating and societal routines/activities. Besides, the debut besides promotes the kid to generalise the new accomplishments to new state of affairs that would go on in mundane contexts.Back to Malaysia, Joginder Singh et Al. ( 2011 ) reported that Malayan Speech Language Pathologists exhibit best pattern in many countries but fail to make in some other countries when supplying services to pre-symbolic kids. Approach used in speech linguistic communication pathology direction which consist the coaction of household centred, squad direction and culturally appropriate services is found barely practiced ( Lim 2008-unpublish ) Diane 2011 Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 Othman 2010 ) . Furthermore, Lian & A Abdullah ( 2001 ) found that Malayan Speech Language Pathologists were likely to trust on informal appraisals because formal appraisals are limited in the local market. When measuring rod pre-symbolic kids, Malayan Speech Language Pathologists showed low trust of roll uping communicating sample and roll u ping informations out of clinic ( Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ) . Looking into intercession pattern, Malayan Speech Language Pathologists representnstrate different intercession attacks and techniques across different scenes ( Lian & A Abdullah 2001 ) . In other custodies, Augmentative and Alternative Communication ( AAC ) systems and assistive engineerings are non famously introduced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists to better the efficiency of the intervention plan ( Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 ) .2.0 RESEARCH QUESTIONSHow Malayan Speech Language Pathologists holistically manage kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage?What are the bing issues faced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists when pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage?What are the recommendations for better pattern suggested by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists when pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language St age?3.0 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE3.1 General ObjectiveTo analyze Malayan Speech Language Pathologists patterns in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage.3.2 Specific AimsTo find the specific clinical constituents practiced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage as are attacks used, assessment, planning and intervention.To find the bing issues faced by Malayan Speech Language Pathologists in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage.To depict the recommendations suggested by Malayan Speech Language Diagnosticians of better pattern in pull offing kids with Developmental Disability in the Developing Language Stage.4.0 METHODOLOGY4.1 Research DesignThis is a cross-sectional qualitative and quantitative survey via take apart.4.2 Sampling PopulationThe population of this survey covers all Malayan Speech Language Pathologists.4.3 Stud y Site situationicipants will be recruited from all 14 provinces in Malaysia.4.4 Sampling MethodPurposive sampling method is used for this survey. All participants who fulfill the inclusion standards ( Please refer to 4.6 ) will be recruited.4.5 Sampling FrameThe contact lists of Speech Language Pathologists who graduated from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia ( UKM ) and Universiti Sains Malaysia ( USM ) will be obtained in order to administer the study to all alumnas members. The study will be besides mailed or/and posted to all Speech Language Pathologists working with Ministry of Health and to all members listed in the directories of local professional organic structures ( i.e. Malayan Association of Speech-Language & A Hearing ( MASH ) and others ) .4.6 Sample Inclusion CriterionParticipants inclusion standards Qualified Speech Language Pathologists and practising locally.However, Speech Language Pathologists who have non had experience in pull offing kids with Developmental Disa bility in the Developing Language Stage will be indicated in the study to return the study without farther rejoinders ( Please refer Appendix A ) .4.7 Sample Size CalculationAishah ( 2012-unpublish ) reported that there are 175 SLPs registered in the UKM and USM alumni from local universities by the twelvemonth 2011. Besides Speech Language Pathologists who have obtained their makings locally, Speech Language Pathologists who graduated from overseas are besides included in the survey, with the status that they are presently practising locally. Hence, the population of Malayan Speech Language Pathologists is estimated to be between the scope of 175 to 250 Speech Language Pathologists. The mean of the scope of 210 Speech Language Pathologists will be used as N, in the undermentioned computationIA?NP ( 1-P ) = 3.84 ten ( 210 ) ( 0.5 ) ( 1-0.5 )dA? ( N-1 ) + IA?P ( 1-P ) 0.05A? ( 210-1 ) + 3.84 ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 )= 137 participantsHappening of backdown and bead out of 10 % is farther consi dered in the sample size computation.Entire topics = nn__1-0.1= _137_0.9= 152 participantssubjectsTherefore, a sum of 152 topics participants will be recruited in this survey.6.54.8 Data CollectionThe study utilized for this survey is adapted from several surveies that focus on happening similar results on SLP patterns ( Joginder Singh et Al. 2011 Mustaffa Kamal et Al. 2012 Othman 2010 Stuck 2012 ) . The study is constructed utilizing English because the participants involved in this survey are qualified Malayan Speech Language Pathologists who have English proficiency.The study contains the undermentioned subdivisionsPart A Demographic DataPart B Specific Clinical Components7 parts that are Demographic informations, Approaches used, Assessment, Planning, Treatment, Opinions sing bing issue and Recommendations of better pattern. Close-ended inquiries utilizing 5 points LikertLikert grading and multiple picks are included in the study. Besides, and open-eopen-ended inquiries are b esides included. nded inquiries are included. ( Please refer to Appendix A ) .Survey and information tag will be distributed to the Speech Language Pathologists SLPs via electronic mail and/or gpost. QuestionPro s online study package will be used to administer the study via electronic mail. Meanwhile, Ffor Speech Language Pathologists SLPs who will have the study and information shred via postmailing, a reply-paid envelope is included for them to return the study. SLPs will be informed that the returning of completed questionnaire study indicate consent to take part in this survey.A follow-up reminder electronic mail or phone call will be sent to Speech Language Pathologists SLP ten 10 yearss after the initial distribution. A 2nd reminder electronic mail or phone call will be sent 2 hebdomads subsequently.64..96 Validity and Reliability of SurveyThe study will be piloted on 10 participants. Concept, content and face cogency will be determined by modifying the points consequently ( following the pilot survey ) through feedback from the participants. To find how closely related the set of points are grouped in the study, internal dependability of the study constituents will be assessedachieved by ciphering Cronbach s Alpha Coefficientusing Cronbach s alpha. This will demo how closely related the set of points are as a group in the study.6.74.10 Statistical TrialThe quantitative informations obtained from closed-ended inquiries in the study will be study utilizing descriptive statistics. From the study, 11 out of 20 closed-ended inquiries are farther divided into sub-items. Hence, factor analysis via chief component analysis ( PCA ) is used as a information decrease technique. Items in the study that measured the same implicit in concept will be grouped together.Analysis method used by Mathers-Schmidt & A Kurlinski ( 2003 ) will be adopted in this survey. Descriptive statistics ( per centums ) of the grouped-items is calculated to look into the grade of whic h specific clinical constituents are used.First, to find which specific clinical constituents of Speech Language PathologistsSLPs pattern are most normally used, the per centum of responses for each reply option ( neer, seldom, sometime, normally, or ever ) will be calculated. Percentages of response for option normally and ever are combined. The specific clinical constituents are so categorized into 3 groups ( 1 ) constituents usually/always used by 90 % or more of the topics ( 2 ) constituents usually/always used by 50-90 % of the topics and ( 3 ) constituents usually/always used by less than 50 % of the topics.Second, consistence of the specific clinical constituents practiced by the topics will be determined. The information will be categorized as follows ( 1 ) extremely consistent-75 % of topics indicated the same frequence of usage ( 2 ) reasonably consistent-50-75 % topics indicated the same frequence of usage ( 3 ) and inconsistent-less than 50 % of topics indicated the same frequence of usage for a peculiar clinical constituent.6.84.11 Research Procedure6.94.12 Gantt ChartYear/MonthUndertakingActivities20122013JulyAugSeptOctNovDecJanFebMacAprMayLiterature Review disco biscuitTenTenTenTenTenTenTenTenTenProposal PresentationTenSurveyDevelopmentTenTenTenApplication for Ethical motivesTenTen wing StudyTenTenData CollectionTenTenTenTenDatas AnalysisTenTenTenTen stem WritingTenTenTenTenTenTenTenConcluding PresentationTen6.104.13 Information Sheet and Consent FormThe information sheet that will administer to the topics is attached in Appendix B.Meanwhile, the topics will be informed that the returning of completed questionnaire indicate their consent to take part in this survey.

Mis Chapter 7

Chapter 7 Telecommunications, the Internet, and Wireless Technology1) Telephone webs atomic number 18 fundamentally different from computer networks. solution truthful2) Increasingly, voice, video, and data communications are all based on Internet technology. cause TRUE3) To create a computer network, you must have at least two computers. Answer TRUE4) An NOS must reside on a dedicated emcee computer in order to manage a network. Answer FALSE5) A hub is a networking doojigger that connects network components and is procedured to filter and forward data to specified destinations on the network. Answer FALSE6) In a client/server network, a network server provides every connected client with an address so it can be found by others on the network. Answer TRUE7) Central large mainframe computing has largely replaced client/server computing. Answer FALSE8) Circuit switching makes much more efficient use of the communications capacity of a network than does packet switching. Answer FALSE9) A protocol is a standard set of rules and procedures for the control of communications in a network. Answer TRUE10) Two computers using TCP/IP can communicate even if they are based on different hardware and software platforms. Answer TRUE11) In a ring topology, one station transmits signals, which travel in both directions along a single transmittance segment. Answer FALSE12) Coaxial cable is similar to that used for cable television and consists of thickly insulated copper outfit. Answer TRUE13) Fiber-optic cable is more expensive and harder to install than wire media. Answer TRUE14) The number of cycles per second that can be sent through any telecommunications medium is measured in kilobytes. Answer FALSE15) The Domain Name form (DNS) converts IP addresses to domain names. Answer FALSE16) VoIP technology delivers video information in digital form using packet switching. Answer TRUE17) Web 3. 0 is a collaborative effort to add a layer of meaning to the existing Web in order to reduce the amount of human involvement in searching for and processing Web information. Answer TRUE18) Wi-Fi enables users to freely roam from one hotspot to another even if the next hotspot is using different Wi-Fi network services. Answer FALSE19) WiMax has a wireless access range of up to 31 miles. Answer TRUE20) RFID has been exceptionally popular from the technologys inception because of its low implementation costs. Answer FALSE21) The device that acts as a connection point between computers and can filter and forward data to a specified destination is called a(n)A) hub.B) switch.C) router.D) NIC.22) The Internet is based on which three key technologies?A) TCP/IP, HTML, and HTTPB) TCP/IP, HTTP, and packet switchingC) client/server computing, packet switching, and the development of communications standards for linking networks and computersD) client/server computing, packet switching, and HTTP23) The method of slash digital messages into parcels, transmitting them a long different communication paths, and reassembling them at their destinations is calledA) multiplexing.B) packet switching.C) packet routing.D) ATM.24) The foretell system is an example of a ________ network.A) peer-to-peerB) wirelessC) packet-switchedD) circuit-switched25) Which of the following is not a characteristic of packet switching?A) Packets travel independently of each other.B) Packets are routed through many different paths.C) Packet switching requires point-to-point circuits.D) Packets include data for checking transmission errors.26) In TCP/IP, IP is responsible forA) disassembling and reassembling of packets during transmission.B) establishing an Internet connection between two computers.C) moving packets over the network.D) sequencing the transfer of packets.27) In a telecommunications network architecture, a protocol isA) a device that handles the switching of voice and data in a local area network.B) a standard set of rules and procedures for control of communica tions in a network.C) a communications service for microcomputer users.D) the main computer in a telecommunications network.28) What are the four layers of the TCP/IP author model?A) physical, application, transport, and network interfaceB) physical, application, Internet, and network interfaceC) application, transport, Internet, and network interfaceD) application, hardware, Internet, and network interface29) Which signal types are represented by a continuous waveform?A) laserB) opticalC) digitalD) analog30) To use the analog telephone system for sending digital data, you must also useA) a modem.B) a router.C) DSL.D) twisted wire.31) Which type of network is used to connect digital devices within a half-mile or 500-meter radius?A) microwaveB) LANC) WAND) MAN32) Which of the following Internet connection types offers the greatest bandwidth?A) T3B) DSLC) cableD) T133) Which type of network would be most appropriate for a business that comprised three employees and a manager located in the same office space, whose primary need is to share documents?A) wireless network in infrastructure modeB) domain-based LANC) peer-to-peer networkD) campus area network34) In a bus networkA) signals are broadcast to the next station.B) signals are broadcast in both directions to the entire network.C) multiple hubs are organized in a hierarchy.D) messages turn from computer to computer in a loop.35) All network components connect to a single hub in a ________ topology.A) starB) busC) domainD) peer-to-peer36) The most common Ethernet topology isA) bus.B) star.C) ring.D) mesh.37) A network that spans a city, and sometimes its major suburbs as well, is called aA) CAN.B) MAN.C) LAN.D) WAN.38) A network that covers broad geographical regions is most commonly referred to as a(n)A) local area network.B) intranet.C) peer-to-peer network.D) grand area network.39) ________ work by using radio waves to communicate with radio antennas placed within adjacent geographic areas.A) Cell phones B) MicrowavesC) SatellitesD) WANs40) Bandwidth is theA) number of frequencies that can be broadcast through a medium.B) number of cycles per second that can be sent through a medium.C) difference between the highest and lowest frequencies that can be accommodated on a single channel.D) total number of bytes that can be sent through a medium per second.

Chapter Research

Nowadays, we all put one over problems when It comes to buying. Because we exceed In buying In the markets, we sometimes buy expensive bathing liquid. It priggish that we use this sometimes, but sometimes we run out of money because of this. We also feel rough after we wash the dishes. The zamias dishwashing liquid can be a one- step solution for this problem. Because of the high oxalic acid content, the extract is considered as anti-bacterial, astringent, ant scorbutic, firebug, and stomach. B.What are the properties that check this product effective as an alternative dishwashing liquid? Why do we need to find the properties of zamias? And how are we going to find them? These are the questions that exit challenge the researchers while they are conducting this study. Surely, conducting a research Is harder than It sounds and it will be harder to conduct a research that includes finding properties that will make a simple object into an alternative product.The researchers assume t hat this study will be successful and prove that zamias extract can be an alternative material for dishwashing liquid. The properties that we will find In kamala will make a strong reason for this study to be 100% successful. At this point, the researchers can already see that this study Is a guaranteed success. Zamias extract has already been utilise in many ways such as an alternative eye dropper, medicine for sore throat and also a prevention from getting diabetes.Now, the researchers will make a new use of zamias extract and that is as an alternative dishwashing liquid. Unlike any other products bought from the store that is expensive and may brought harmful make for the user, this product will not only be cheap and afford suitable for the people, but also will bring beneficial effects for the user or else of the harmful effects. The researchers selection for this material Is a good choice because It has helped In many studies and may be a help for more In the future. 1.Zamia s is a small, sour and Juicy fruit found in zamias bearing trees in the garden and sometimes in the neighborhood and parks. 2. Astringent is a material able or tending to shrink clay tissues. 3. Ann-bacterial prevents the build-up/accumulation of bacteria in a specific object/ location. 4. Eye Dropper is a substance used to relieve itchiness, irritation and pain in the eyes. 5. Sore Throat is the redness, sensitivity and painfulness in the throat. 6. Diabetes is a disease in which too little insulin is produced and the body cannot SE sugar and starch in a normal way. F.This study is set only to give the properties of zamias extract, its purpose and other informations concerning this study. This study may have respondents but may not give exact number of respondents. Instead, the researchers will give the number of respondents by using percentage (Out of the respondents we surveyed, 75% agree that ) in the presentation. Lastly, the main focus of this study is to identify the p roperties of zamias that will help in this study, how many respondents will agree tit this study, and to give all the information inevitable about this study. The researchers are going to conduct this research by finding the enough information they need to make this research more of a set down topic. Thats why the researchers are going to study more about the properties of zamias that may be a great help into contributing to their study. Another reason why are the researchers studying this because it is not only a benefit for themselves but a benefit for the people if this study may turn out to be successful.

Renewable energy sources

Traditionally, timberland is the main form in which biomass is utilise as an energy source. The biomass is used to boil water to provide steam to turn turbines. In Great Britain most commercially produced wood is used for timber, but when a conifer plantation is felled, there be branches and low-grade timber that crapper be used for fuel.Straw left over from harvesting cereal crops give notice also be used to produce energy. When used for energy the cost of collecting, storage and transporting bulky problems is a problem. Most examples depose on a community-based collection used locally in a close plant or used on the farm that produced the straw and is widely used in Denmark and the USA. Stubble used to be burn, but this was made illegal in the UK. Most stubble is used for bedding. When burnt straw leaves ash, which contains nutrients, which can quickly be extracted from the soil by the new crop. This method is still used in well-nigh developing countries. It is very rarely ploughed in as it takes along time to biodegrade and as it does so it creates anaerobic pockets in the soil.Wood can be exploited as a renewable pick if fast growing species are used. In the UK willow is used (popular was also used once). The plants are handsome close unitedly wherefore once a sufficient root system is established they are coppiced. Then all new growths when of the correct length are harvested and chipped. Once the willow is dried and and so used. This is often used on low quality land (marginal) or set aside, or areas where biological control is being encouraged.Biomass to GasoholFermentation of sugar by yeasts converts the energy in sugar biomass to ethanol, which can then(prenominal) be used as a fuel. Gasohol is made of 80-90% unleaded petrol and 10-20% ethanol and is used in cars (It can be used in pure form, but petrol is added to stop people alcoholism it). The sugar is obtained from sugar cane and sugar beet. This form has been relatively unsuccessf ul.Sugar cane is grown in tropical areas, where as sugar beat is grown in temperate countries. The sugary sap is extracted and then treated to make molasses, which is then stored until it is needed for fermenting. Ethanol is a such(prenominal) cleaner fuel and produces much less pollution, but it is much more expensive to produce. Especially as the farmers can also tell on the crop to be made into refined sugar. This production is unlikely ever to work due to regime and the oil industry. In the end it can not be considered as a real pick ,as 80-90% of it is made from a fossil fuel. Once the sugar is extracted the fibrous residue (bagasse) is dried and then burnt as a fuel to ferment the malasses.1) Growing and cropping of sugar.2) Extraction of sugars by crushing and washing cane.3) lechatelierite out of sucrose (for sale) leaving the syrup of glucose and fructose (molases)4) Fermentation of molasses to yield load alcohol.5) Distillation of dilute alcohol to give pure ethanol, using bagasse as a power source.A more hopeful is oilseed rape which has been used to power buses in certain areas of the UK as part of a attempt and in Italy, it is added to diesel and can be added to make up 30% of the mixture (rpae methyl ester, RME). It produces fewer sooty particles and no sulphur dioxide. Also coconut oil in Philippines, palm and castor oil, brazil-nut tree and sunflower oil in South Africa.Domestic languishDisposal of domestic and industrial fluff has become a puffy problem around the world. In the UK about 300kg of waste is produced per person per year. toss the waste causes many problems e.g. leakage of pollution and using up land. It might be possible to burn the fuel for energy (cellchip in the UK in London does this but people get down to separate some of the waste first. However, all the houses that take part close to the plant reciev free hot water.)Some landfill sites have been constructed to collect the gas (methane) produced from the anaerob ic conditions for use.Agricultural waste (Biogas)Biogas can convert the energy in biomass into biogas, a gaseous fuel that consists mainly of methane, by fermentation. Typically biogas is made of65% methane, 35% CO2, with tracea of ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and water vapour.usually dung (slurry) from farm fleshlys is used in the fermentation process so that waste products are turned into something useful, as the leftover sludge can be used as a fertiliser.The digestion process occurs in 3 stages1) Aerobic bacteria convert lipids and carbohydrates in the biomass into sugars, fatty acids, amino acids and glycerin by hydrolysis (0-10 days, acids cause pH to fall).2) Acetogenic bacteria convert sugars and other products of stage 1 into short-chain fatty acids e.g. acetic acid = acetogenesis (stages 2+3, 10-45 days acids used up, pH increases, methane produced.).3) Anaerobic bacteria convert the fatty acids into methane = methogenesis. Conditions moldiness be anaerobic as the bacteria are only active when there is no group O present. They are called obligate anaerobes. Temperatures must be kept between 30-40o because the bacteria are sensitive to temperature changes.The reactions take place in a digester. It must bei) Strong and large enough to hold large volumes of liquid and withstand pressure build up.ii) Gas-tight and allow aerobic conditions to be maintained.iii) Have an entry for loading material, an outlet for the gas and a way of unloading the residue.iv) be buried in the reasonableness to help withstand pressure and act as an insulator.Often several digesters are used together to maintain a continuous supply of gas. It provides a useful way of getting rid of animal waste. (eutrophication)