Climate Change and Food Security

temper metamorphose and Food Security INTRODUCTION1.1 scene to the assume Our activities atomic spell 18 inimical to the environment, our daily work and behaviour domestically, industrially and crimson agriculturally threatens the stability of environment as well as balance wheel of the eco system of rules. We lots burn bushes to farm, we practice factory farm with let out due regard to the environment (oil), we cut/fell trees down without knowing that we atomic number 18 altering the eco- system and nature. All these gay activities argon big(p) the nature and at the end, we ourselves ar to face the sequels and be to be blamed.(Professor David Ukali, chairman of NEST, Nov, 2010)David Ukalis statement explains how clement activities lead to the backlash we experience in our environment today. Man suffers diverse environmental multifariousnesss as a result of inappropriate agricultural practices twin with unscrupulous lasts of various important elements in the en vironment. clime lurch is mayhap the closely serious environmental threat to the fight against hunger, malnutrition, disease and pauperization in Africa, in general through its repair on agricultural productivity. humour transpose is one of the most serious environmental threats facing existence worldwide. Climate transmute may already be impacting Nigeria as manifested by increased inundate, delayed rains, enhanced desertification, tack magnitude bush fires and nutriment in pledge.It carry ons kitchen-gardening in several ways, including its direct impact on fodder product. Climate transmute which is attri neverthelessable to the natural clime cycle and human activities, has unseemlyly affected agricultural productivity in Africa (Ziervogel et al. 2006).That there is a reassign in the spheric climatic system is no longer in doubt. For instance, the periods we used to withstand rain stand deviated its proportion in term of sun rays and that is why it has been generally agreed that this modality diversify which is present the greatest threat to man and life on planet primer coat is gaining acceptance and that in the coming decade the world will find nobleer temperatures and changing in precipitation takes which would lead to low/ shortsighted agricultural income. The issue of clime change has become more threatening non only to the sustainable development of socio- scotch and agricultural activities of any masses but to the kernelity of human existence (Adejuwon, 2004). Rough estimates suggest that oer the next 50years or so climatic change will probable have a serious threat to meeting spheric provender needs than any separate constraints on agricultural system. (IPCC 2007, BNRCC, 2008).Available consequence shows that climate change is ball-shaped sea direct rose intimately 17 cen fourth dimensiontres (6.7 inches) in the last century and the rate has doubled in the last decade, there has been a rise in the glo bal temperature even though the 2000s witnessed a solar output decline resulting in an unco deep solar minimum in 2007-2009, surface temperatures continue to increase, glaciers be retreating almost everywhere around the world including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa, likewise its impacts but the most adverse effects will be felt brinyly by developing countries, especially those in Africa, due to their low level of coping capabilities (Nwafor 2007 Jagtap 2007).Nigeria is viewed as one of these developing countries (Odjugo, 2010). Nigeria is experiencing adverse climate conditions with adverse impacts on the welfare of millions of its population, as the planet warms, rainfall patterns shift, and extreme events such as droughts, floods, and forest fires become more frequent (Zoellick 2009). Many African countries, which have their economies largely based on stomach- sensitive bucolic intersection system like Nigeria, are in particular vulnerable to cli mate change (Dinar et al, 2008). This exposure has been demonstrated by the devastating effects of new flooding in the Niger- Delta region of the country and the various prolonged drought that are currently witnessed in some part of Northern region.According to Olanrewaju (2003), climatic change is any edition of long term climatic inconsistency. The recent changes in the climate have been linked with the increase in babys room gases (GHG) on the atmosphere in addition to anthropogenic activities and support emissions of other artificial chlorocarbons (Olanrewaju, 2003).Climate change is besides believed to result from the effect of global warming on the environment. Global warming is regarded by many battalion to be the most serious environmental challenge of modern propagation (Giddens, 2006). Global warming refers to the gradual rise of the priming coats clean temperature due to changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere it is believed to be caused in part by humans, because the gases that have built up and altered the earths atmosphere are the ones produced in large quantities by human activities. Global warming means that many dry regions are personnel casualty to get drier and wet areas are going to get wetter. Climate change in Nigeria is a ticking time bomb and it exists flyspeck or even nothing to mitigate its effects.(Nnimmo Bassey, Nigeria.) Peer-reviewed explore accepted by the Journal of Geography and Regional Planning concludes that Nigerias average temperature has travel by 1.7 degrees in the period 1901-2005. The increase has been higher in the semi-arid regions and depress in the coastal zone the rate of change has increased since the 1970s.The consequence for the Nigerian volume is a geographical pincer threat from desertification in the north and coastal erosion in the south. Through a conclave of overgrazing, abuse of woodland for fuel and increasingly unreliable rainfall, the Sahara is advancing at an estimate d rate of 600 meters per annum, rising sea levels threaten Nigerias coastal regions the Niger Delta may be the source of oil wealth but its low-lying terrain crisis-crossed with waterways makes it exceedingly vulnerable to flooding and salinization i.e. the build-up of salts in soil eventually to toxic level for plant.Food protection is the outcome of forage system processes all on the solid nutrition chain climate change will affect food certificate through its impacts on all components of global, national and local food system. The definition of food security as adopted at the military man Food Summit (WFS) in November 1996 says that food security exists when all people at all times have physical or economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food to meet their dietetic needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life ( FAO, 1996).One of the biggest threats is increase climate unpredictability, which makes subsistence farming hard-fought, the impact of th e change will be difficult to handle and it will be potentially very long lasting,Droughts are getting worse and climate uncertainty is growing, Climate change is therefore an unprecedented threat to food security (Medugu, 2013). Arid and semi-arid areas in northerly Nigeria are becoming drier, while the southern part of the country are getting wetter, as the weather gets warmer most of the aquatic life, the fish, run away to seek colder amnionic fluid thereby emptying Nigerias vast waters of marine resources, and which by extension means Nigerias reliance on imported fish and other sea foods increases. Climate change often appears very esoteric but in Nigeria it is real, Currently there is an increasing incidence of disease, declining agricultural productivity, and rising incidences of heat waves (Stringer et al., 2009).The threat that climate change poses to agricultural production does not only cover the area of harvest-time husbandry but also includes livestock and in fact th e total agricultural sector. The impacts of climate change on agriculture can be classified into biophysical and socioeconomic impact (Khanal, 2009). Climate can also affect the quantity and quality of feed stuffs such as pasture, forage, and grain and also the severity and distribution of livestock diseases and parasite (Niggol and Mendelsohn 2008). Climate change impacts the intravenous feeding key dimensions of food security, namely food availability, food stability, food accessibility, and food utilization.According to vision 2020 as declared by the government of deeply president Umar Musa Yardua in October 2009 stated that by 2020 Nigeria will have a large, strong, diversified, sustainable and competitive economy that effectively harness the talents and energies of its people and responsibly exploits its natural endowments to guarantee a high standard of invigoration and quality of life to its citizens the declared aims of Nigerias national agricultural insurance policy are firstly attain food security, secondly increase production and productivity, thirdly generate employment and income and fourthly expand exports and reduce food imports thereby freeing resources for critical infrastructure development and delivery of complaisant services. To achieve this aims, the problem of climate change as to be curtailed so as to enhance future possibilities of economic development and growth which is the major goal of the country.1.2 Statement of the ProblemIn Nigeria, agriculture has tended to be the main source of food, and a major source of industrial raw material, as well as the means of earning foreign exchange. It employs close to 70% of the Nigerias population. Agricultural practice in the country is predominantly rain-fed and therefore particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, and a study report by ( Harvard line School) HBS in 2010 predicted that under a business as-usual scenario, Nigerias agricultural productivity could decline by between 10-25% by 2080, in certain parts a decline in rain-fed agriculture could be as high as 50%, exposure to extreme events makes subsistence and small scale farmers most vulnerable to climate change because of their limited capacity to adapt.Therefore, Nigerias vulnerability will be in two waysThe resulting impacts of climate changeThe impact of response measures this is because Nigerias economy is highly dependent on income generated from the production, processing, export and consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy-intensive products.As a result of the global climatic change, Nigeria has been affected greatly as there has been variations in the weather condition and also the frequent flooding that have led to the destruction of properties and also death of many Nigerians especially in the riverine area of the country.1.3 look for QuestionsThe research questions for the study are as follows1) What is the relationship between climate change and food security?2) What h as been the effect of global climate change on food security in Nigeria?3) What is the impact of climate change on food security in Ogun State?Objectives of the StudyThe simple election objective is to leaven global climate change and how it affects food security in Ogun State, Nigeria. It can be achieved through the pursual.1) Explaining the relationship between climate change and food security2) Identifying and analysing the effects of global climate change on food security in Ogun State.3) Illustrating the impact of climate change on food security in Ogun stateResearch HypothesesFor the design of this research some hypotheses are intended to be formulated and tested. The hypotheses are drawn from the objective research questions of the study. The hypotheses areHypothesis oneH0 global climate change does not have a great impact on food security in Ogun StateH1 global climate change has a great impact on food security in Ogun StateHypothesis twoH0 Adequate efforts have not bee n make to reduce the effects of global climate change on food security in Ogun State.H1 Adequate efforts have been made to go down the effects of global climate change on food security in Ogun State.Significance of the StudyEvery research work is a contribution to already existing knowledge. Therefore, as the world is dynamic and problems are a continuous part of mans existence and people will always continue to struggle for survival and as a result of this people will always be moved to enquire and factors responsible for such problems and then going beyond this to provide solutions for this problems. In as much as global climate change system prevalent in our country today and threatens the availability of food in the society, it is therefore pertinent to carry out this study so as to bring to the awareness and understanding of people the importance of a peachy agricultural system and environmental consciousness.Scope of the StudyThe scope of the study is primarily on global climate change and its impact on food security in Nigeria especially in Ogun state. It will examine the causes and consequence of the phenomenon of climate change and how it has generously affected the availability of food in Ogun state.1.8 Limitation of the StudyThe limitation to this study has been inaccessibility to data, time involvement in unplanned activities such as school meetings, seminars and so on.Methodology of the Study supplementary sources of data shall be employed in this work and they include pertinent books concerning the topic, newspaper, daybook articles, magazines, encyclopaedias and the internet shall be made use of. Primary sources of data would also be used as the topic of study is a recent phenomenon and is still in happening on daily basis and so the effects would be canvas by visits to the rural areas of Ogun states where agricultural practices are happening and also, primary tools would be applied as interviews would be conducted and questionnaires would be distributed.Sources of entropy CollectionSecondary sources of data are employed in this work and they include relevant books concerning the topic, newspaper, journal articles, magazines, encyclopaedias and the internet shall be made use of. Primary sources of data would also be used as the topic of study is a recent phenomenon and is still in occurrence on daily basis.Sources of Data CollectionThe effects of global climate change are canvas by frequent visits to the rural areas of Ogun states where agricultural practices are happening and also, primary tools would are applied as interviews would be conducted and questionnaires would be distributed.Interviews are conducted with the commissioner of agriculture in Ogun State Mrs Ronke Shokefun and the commissioner of environment Dr Lanre Tejuoso.Techniques of Data AnalysisDescriptive form of data analysis is employed in this project work as am going to be describing phenomenon that is in existence. Descriptive method of data analysis describes systematically the fact, qualities, characteristics of a given population, event or area of interest as factually and accurately as possible to proffer answers to questions asked by the problem of study. This study describes the events of global climate change and how it has interpreted a prominent position in affecting food security. abstract Of StudyThis research is made up of five chapters and each chapter analyses the chaseChapter one focuses on the introductory aspect of the research work which discusses the following background of study, statement of problem, research questions, significance of study, scope and limitation of study, objectives of the study, research methodology and so on.Chapter two attempts a literary productions review and discusses the theory-based framework. In this chapter we will be analysing previous arguments that have been laid out by scholars in the field of this study and so be use a thematic structure to help further our unde rstanding of the phenomenon of this study. The literature review aspect of this chapter helps the police detective to relate with the scholarly works and books in the field of study while the theoretic framework helps the researcher base his research on a specific theory that is in line and helps to further explain his research.Chapter three is an overview of global climate change and its effect on food and food security that is the major changes that have been experienced since the inception of climate change in Nigeria especially in Ogun State. Also, how it has disrupted the production and distribution of food in the society focalization mainly on the effects of global climate change and food security in Ogun state,Chapter four focuses on the analyses of data gathered and native explanation of the results gotten from the statistical data.Chapter five attempts summary of the study and makes recommendation, it also concludes the work.REFERENCESAnsel, E. Taofeeq A. (2010).Challe nges of Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change in Nigeria a Synthesis from the books , Field Actions Science Reports Online, Vol. 4, 2010, retrieved on 17 December 2012 from http//factsreports.revues.org/678/volume 4.Apata, T.G. (2011) feat of global climate change on Nigerian agriculture An existential analysis CBN journal of applied statistics, volume 2 number1 pp.31-45.Ayinde, O. Muchie, M. Olatunji, G. (2011). Effects of climate change on agricultural productivity in Nigeria A Co- integrating Model Approach Journal of Human Ecology volume 35 number 3, pp.189- 194.Medugu, N. (2012) Nigeria and Global Climate Change issues as retrieved on the twenty-eighth of August 2013, from the website http//environmentalsynergy.wordpress.com/2012/07/01/nigeria-and-global-climate-change-issues/Odjugo, A.O. (2011) Climate change and global warming the Nigerian position journal of sustainable development and environmental protection, volume 1 number 1 pp.6- 17.Odjugo, A.O. (2010). Region al Evidence Of climate change in Nigeria journal of geography and regional planning volume 3 number 6, pp.142-150.Oyinbo, O, Rekwot, G.Z, Ugbagbe, O.O (2013). Socio- scotch Implications Of Climate Change On Food Security And Livelihood in Nigeria A Desk Review. Department of Agricultural and Economics and Rural Sociology Faculty Of agribusiness/ Institute For Agricultural Research. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.Yusuf, N. (2012) Climate change, social transition and Nigerias economic development journal of international NGO volume7, number 2, pp.35-38.Climate Change Challenge For Nigerias Food Security retrieved form http//bivnze.wordpress.com/2010/11/11/climate-change-challenge-for-nigerias-food-securityNational Planning Commission, Nigerias vision 20 2020, October 2009.National astronautics and Space Administration. Global Climate Change Vital signs of the planet, July 2013.1